The process of removing something, often covering or material.

A detailed examination or breakdown of something.

किसी चीज़ की विस्तृत जांच या विभाजन।

English Usage: "During the stripping analysis, every component was evaluated for performance."

Hindi Usage: "हटाने के विश्लेषण के दौरान, प्रत्येक घटक के प्रदर्शन का मूल्यांकन किया गया।"